Query contains a grammar violation that the database parser cannot interpret.
A syntax error is thrown when the SQL parser encounters a token or statement structure that violates the SQL grammar rules. The database engine cannot parse the query, so no execution occurs. The error message typically identifies the character position or approximate location where parsing failed.
Common causes: missing or extra commas, misspelled keywords, unmatched parentheses, wrong order of SQL clauses, using a reserved word as an identifier without quoting, or dialect differences between database systems (MySQL vs PostgreSQL vs SQLite).
1-- Syntax error: missing comma between column definitions2CREATE TABLE users (3 id INT PRIMARY KEY4 name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL -- Missing comma after INT row5 email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE6);7 8-- Another common error: wrong clause order9SELECT name, email10FROM users11HAVING age > 18 -- HAVING without GROUP BY12WHERE status = 'active'; -- WHERE must come before HAVING1-- Fix: Add commas between column definitions2CREATE TABLE users (3 id INT PRIMARY KEY,4 name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,5 email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE6);7 8-- Fix: Correct clause order: WHERE → GROUP BY → HAVING → ORDER BY9SELECT name, email10FROM users11WHERE status = 'active'12HAVING COUNT(*) > 1 -- HAVING after WHERE (requires GROUP BY in real use)13ORDER BY name;Simulate standard system builds to trigger compiler trace records and track memory crashes locally.
In the `CREATE TABLE` statement, the `id` column definition is not followed by a comma before `name`, so the parser sees an unexpected token. In the `SELECT` statement, `WHERE` must appear before `HAVING` — using them in the wrong order violates SQL's clause ordering rules.